The World Is Forever In Debt To China For Its Innovations. Ancient Chi

The World is forever in debt to China for its innovations. Ancient China was extreme advance and many of its discoveries are still in use today. This is what Robert Temple, the author of The Genius of China 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. The book is based on 11 main parts of Chinese innovation. Within these 11 categories, there are 3 main parts that contain the most significant inventions. Robert Temple concentrates the bulk of his examples in these three categories, agriculture, domestic and industrial technology , and engineering. Temple's examples were not limited to these fields of innovation. The Chinese excelled in many other areas, including mathematics, warfare and transportation, to name a few. Although Temple wrote about eleven fields of invention, I feel that these three sections contain the greatest examples of Chinese innovation, and the debt that the modern world owes China. The first main area is the field of engineering. Within this chapter, the development of iron and steel is the greatest achievement. The development of iron and steel led to other advances. By at least the 4th century the Chinese have developed blast furnaces to obtain cast iron from iron ore. This was 1200 years before the first blast furnace showed up in Europe. The reasons that the author gave to explain the reasons why the Chinese developed this technology are simple. The Chinese had access to large amounts of clay, the key ingredient in making blast furnaces. The Chinese also figured out that by adding a substance they called :Black Earth,? they could lower the melting point of iron. Another major invention of the Chinese, that led to other achievements, is steel. The common belief today is that Henry Bessemer discovered the process of refining iron into steel. The fact is Chinese had developed the process to refine iron into steel in the second century BC The Chinese learned that by injecting oxygen into the blast furnace, they could remove th e carbon from the iron. The Chinese called this process the ?hundred refinings method? since they repeated the process that many times. The finished product was highly prized in China for its strength and ability to hold an edge on a sword. The Chinese would weld the steel onto weaker iron thus creating a strong edge and a superior weapon. The Chinese iron and steel workers were the best at making different types of metals into modern times. But then, no one else could have done so at the time, since iron existed nowhere else but in China. The Chinese invented the chain pump in the first century AD The chain pump allows water to the pumped from lower to higher elevations. The chain pumps were used for draining and pumping in civil engineering, but what is more important is it was used for irrigation. Irrigation allows for greater and more intense farming, thus resulting in a better crop yield. With the greater crop yields larger populations can be supported. The chain pump was exported to all parts of the world by way of visiting ambassadors and dignitaries. The first European chain pump appeared in the sixteenth century, and was a direct copy of the Chinese version. The second area of great Chinese achievement is in domestic and industrial technology. The most recognized Chinese invention is in the field of domestic and industrial technology, paper. Paper was invented around the second century BC and was used as clothing. One might not believe that paper could be used as clothing, but the paper made at that time used thicker and tougher paper fibers. Not only was paper used for clothing, it was also used for military body armor. The Chinese found out that pleated sheets of paper could stop the penetration of arrows. The paper armor was standard issue with Chinese land and sea units. Paper's writing property was not discovered till about one century after its discovery. The earliest example of writing on paper was found an abandon military post. Th e paper found dates back to 110 AD and contained two dozen readable characters. The area that let China grow and expand was the innovations in the area of agriculture. The greatest achievement

SAT Rules and Regulations Dont Make a Mistake

SAT Rules and Regulations Don't Make a Mistake SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Because the SAT is such a high stakes test, the College Board has implemented a series of rules to ensure that there is no cheating and that all students have as close to the same test-taking experience as possible. Before you take the SAT, you should familiarize yourself with these rules. It would be a shame to spend months preparing and be in the middle of acing your SAT, only to get kicked out of the test and have your score canceled because your phone was on, and you received a text during the last section. That’s an extreme example, but it's possible. Know the rules so you can protect yourself. In this article, I will discuss SAT rules, the reasons behind the rules, and the possible consequences for violating SAT rules and regulations. The Purpose of SAT Rules The primary purposes of the rules for the SAT are to prevent cheating and ensure the same test-taking experience for all students. The College Board is trying to create a fair, standardized test-taking experience for everyone who takes the SAT. If certain people are given an unfair advantage, that could affect college admissions and future SAT scores. Now let's take a look at all the SAT rules and regulations. SAT Rules You can check out the rules the College Board provides for the SAT. Most of the rules are relatively basic: take your own test, follow the test instructions, and don't document or record anything from the test. However, let's go over some of these rules in more depth. I know we all generally hate talking about rules, but these are important details. Better to know them now than to run into problems later. Check out the article on SAT admission tickets. You will have to present your ticket along with valid photo identification to get into the test. How sad would it be to feel fully prepared to take your SAT and wake up early on a Saturday morning, only to be denied admission to the test center? The only resource you're allowed to use to help you on your SAT is an SAT-approved calculator. You can't use a dictionary or thesaurus for your essay. You can't bring in any notes or scratch paper. You can't use an electronic device that has the capacity to store information. During your SAT, don't leave the building for any reason. Even if you're on break and see one of your friends waving to you outside, don't do it. If you leave the building before the test is over, your test is supposed to be canceled. The hardest rule to remember is not to discuss exam content unless it's released as part of a College Board service. This means that you're not allowed to discuss any part of the test during breaks. You're not allowed to talk about a difficult reading passage with your friend after the test is over. On the Monday after your test, you can't tell your math teacher about a specific question she prepared you for. You can't post any questions on Reddit. Obviously, you're probably not going to get caught discussing exam content. The College Board is not monitoring everything you say and everything you do on the internet. However, I recommend that you don't take any chances. If a strict proctor hears you talking about exam questions during a break, that could be bad news for you. No talking about exam content What You Must Bring to the Test Admission Ticket- You must have your admission ticket on test day. Photo Identification- You must present acceptable photo ID to be admitted to the test center. You may be denied entrance to the test center or your scores may bewithheld or canceled if you can't present acceptable ID, if the validity of the ID is in question, or if you fail to follow the Identification Requirements and Policies. What You Should Bring At least two No. 2 pencils- If you want to take the test and get a score, you're going to need a No. 2 pencil. Don't be that person frantically asking everyone in the room for a pencil minutes before the test. Also, a working eraser will be helpful. An acceptable calculator- Make sure the calculator you bring to the test is one of the SAT-approved calculators. You canuse graphing calculators, scientific calculators, or four-function calculators (not recommended). You can't use as a calculator any laptop or portable/handheld computer, electronic writing pad or pen-input/stylus driven device, pocket organizer, cell phone calculator, calculator that has a QWERTY keypad, or calculator that uses an electrical outlet, makes noise, or has a paper tape. A watch without audible alarm- I do recommend bringing a watch to help keep track of your time during the test. It's possible that the room you're in may not have a functioning clock, or your proctor may forget to update you on how much time is remaining in a section. However, make sure the watch you bring doesn't make any noise. If the alarm on your watch goes off, that is an SAT rule violation and your score could be canceled. Miscellaneous Items- Here are some things you should bring that will make your test-taking experience more comfortable and less stressful: a backpack, snacks and water for breaks, extra batteries for your calculator, and extra pencils and erasers. Bring a few snacks for break time What You Shouldn't Bring Cell phones- This rule is a little tricky since we've all become so reliant on cell phones, and you might need your phone before or after your test. If your phone is put away in a backpack (including during breaks) and turned off during the test, you shouldn't have a problem. Generally, proctors will just tell you to turn your phone off since it's too difficult to confiscate everyone's phone. However, if you can't resist the urge to look at your phone and dash off a text, maybe you should consider leaving it at home. Audio players/recorders, tablets, laptops, notebooks, Google Glass, or any other computing devices Separate timers of any type Cameras or any other photographic equipment Any devices, including digital watches, that can be used to record, transmit, receive, or play back audio, photographic, text, or video content (with the exception of CD players used for Language with Listening Subject Tests only) Most of these items are prohibited to prevent cheating and make sure you aren't using any device that creates noise and distracts others during the test. Possible Consequences for Rules Violations The consequences for violating any of these rules can vary. Often the consequence will depend on the strictness of your proctor or test center. If you don't have proper ID or your admission ticket, you may not be admitted to the test. If you're caught violating any of the other rules, you can be dismissed from the test and possibly have your score canceled. If your score is canceled, your SAT registration fee won't be reimbursed. In the most extreme cases, the College Board can take legal action if you're caught cheating. Make sure you take your own test, and don't take a test for anybody else. You really don't want to be the next person to get caught up in an SAT cheating scandal. Cheating is bad What's Next? If you're prepared for your SAT, I'm sure that will lessen any temptation to cheat. Learn the 15 tips to improve your SAT score and the 21 SAT tips and tricks to use on the SAT. If you're aiming for a perfect score, learn from a perfect scorer how to get a 1600 on your SAT. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Act II of The Crucible

As your surname, your name, the teacher's name, the court arrested his wife, the confrontation between the Procter and the authority is also increasing, the second act English III days. He disliked the court and it is impossible for them to come to their house and bring his wife to prison. In order to help readers understand the situation of Salem at the beginning of the second act, Kinsera explained Salem is in a hysterical situation (1267). Kinsella was right, the town came to not wake up at Betty at first, Abigail Williams helped nearly everyone make a wizard at Salem, and getting up there led to a successful Proctors eventually succeeding. In the second act of Chou act, I found that Abigail Williams condemned the magic of Elizabeth Proctor. Did Abigail finally avenge John and denied that he does not love her? He was angry when the Proctor heard the news, and Elizabeth wanted Abigail to replace her after she was hanged, and John knew it was true. Abigail Williams said that Elizabe th had already sent her spirit and stabbed her belly with a needle. John Proctor believes that Abigail tried to revenge his wife to throw her away, and John Proctor swore he would do her best to prove that she is innocent. John Procter said: I will fall like the sea in that field! Do not be afraid of Elizabeth. From now on we can deduce that Proctor will do his utmost to save his wife I will. Please acknowledge his innocence. John confirms that the court knows this and wishes to use it to say that Abigail is doing this for his own purpose. In Abigail of Krugersburg's Krugers Act 1 there is a complicated story about the explanation and the event of Salem Witch trial in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The first acts of Kruger's law reveal a case that led to magical accusations and increased superstition in the Puritan community. Krugers reveals the attractive and malign character of Abigail Williams. This is a clever, unguessed scammster who has extraordinary self-defense characteristic s at the first glance of impossible possibilities. The Crucible by The Crucible Arthur Miller is based on Salem Witch Trials in 1693. In the first act, the audience knew that John Proctor was plagued by Abigail Williams who was dancing in the forest, and she still had feelings for him. When John denied their love, Abigail began to condemn people with magic. The second act is when we met the Elizabeth Proctor as we were arrested by magic. In the third act, John went to court to try to release his wife and others, but he was accused of being mixed with the devil with little luck.

Investigative Reporter Assigment Research Paper

Investigative Reporter Assigment - Research Paper Example In that context it will be really valid to mention a CIA report as per which Iraq maintained and retained weapons of mass destruction program irrespective of the varied prohibitive UN resolutions (CIA 1). This report elaborated in detail that Iraq had a clandestine weapons of mass destruction program and was amassing biological and chemical weapons which if not checked and restrained could spell disaster for the friendly neighbouring countries and the associated Western nations (CIA 1). This CIA report also stressed that Iraq also had a hidden nuclear weapons program and if a military operation is not initiated against Iraq in the near future, Iraq will be very soon be in possession of a viable nuclear weapon and hence will be in a position to intimidate and blackmail the averse neighbouring nations and their Western allies and friends. Varied media reports concertedly backed such claims expressed and supported by the US and the UK, which started to appear concocted and non-corrobora ted in the later media publications. On 17 March 2003, the war drums were already beating when The Washington Post published the full text of the speech given by President Bush unravelling in detail the frustration of the allied nations over the diplomatic efforts being pursued by the allied nations to convince Iraq regarding giving up its weapons of mass destruction program (Reuters 1). In this speech President Bush reiterated the US pledge to divest Iraq of its weapons of mass destruction and to annihilate its nuclear weapons program, whatever it takes (Reuters 1). President Bush also mentioned more than dozen resolutions passed by the United Nations Security Council urging and mandating Iraq to give up its weapons of mass destruction program and to comply with the conditions laid down by the international community. In this publication

Commercial Logic of Acquiring Mandrake Footwear Coursework

Commercial Logic of Acquiring Mandrake Footwear - Coursework Example The decision to make acquisitions is taken by several companies in many parts of the world every now and then. Some of these decisions eventually proof to be vital and profitable while others turn out to be wrong decisions because they result in losses (Olsson, 2001). Fundamentally, the prediction as to whether or not a particular acquisition would be beneficial depends on a number of factors. Among other things, it should be possible to evaluate the commercial logic of the intended acquisition (Patra, Khatik, & Kolhe, 2003). If signals from the evaluation turn out to be bright, then the acquisition could probably be beneficial. In the case of Gear Active acquiring Mandrake Footwear, there are four major themes that can be used in evaluating the commercial logic and viability of the acquisition. These are briefly explained below. Ready Market with existing Customer Base Commercially, an acquisition such as the one Gear Active is seeking to undertake comes with the position whereby th e acquirer has at his disposal, the ready market that the existing company had. They also have access to the existing customers of the companies that they acquired. This is an important commercial value that purchasers can build on as competitive advantages (Roy, 1999). To Gear Active therefore, there is this major advantage in acquiring Mandrake Footwear. Already, Mandrake Footwear has been identified as a major competitor in the footwear industry. The company is also seemingly larger than Gear Active. This means that Mandrake has created a very huge market base that Gear Active would only need to build on. The acquisition would therefore be an opportunity for Gear Active to record massive expansion over a very short period of time. Unlike what would have existed in a merger case, this acquisition would make Gear Active an outright owner of the acquired footwear company and so Gear Active would record a quantitative expansion that would more than double the size of the present stat e company. This expansion shall be in terms of asset capital, market base and customers. Existing Popularity The popularity of a company is an important commercial value that cannot be underestimated in anyway. Many companies have been able to develop their popularity to building a competitive advantage over rivals. Without any doubt, there are companies who have continued to top the chart of revenue makers not because of their present performances but because of the popularity they have created for themselves over the years (Sackmann, Flamholtz, & Bullen, 1989). In the commercial market, it is possible that the popularity of a particular brand of product would make the name of that brand stand for the product that the company manufactures. For example one of NESTLE’s a cocoa drink brands named Milo is so popular in most countries that people who want to purchase cocoa drinks from retailers actually say they are buying Milo even if they are not making specific reference to NE STLE’s product. With such a situation, the possibility that Milo would loss its market value is very low. The same situation applies to Mandrake and Gear Active in this instance. Clearly, the name that Mandrake has gained for its brand is enough for Gear Active to continue building on that name to its advantage. Opportunity to Access New Organizational Culture An organization’s culture is an important element for determining the commercial value and predicting the future success of the company in question (Sandervang, 2000). This is because the organizational culture goes a very long way to determine how the company deals with its customers, suppliers and wholesalers. It also refers to the employee-employer relationship that would go on in the company. These dealings are also very important in determining whether or not a company would succeed (Schmidt, Minssen, 2007). This is because they serve as service values for which these stakeholders would choose one company ov er the other.

International Business, Economic Integration Essay Example for Free

International Business, Economic Integration Essay To begin with, the term economic integration can be defined as a procedure in which nations work together with one other in order to trim down or get rid of obstructions to the worldwide flow of goods, individual or resources (Dalimov, 2008) . The continuing paragraphs bring to light the advantages and disadvantages of economic integration. There exist a number of advantages associated with economic integration one of them is trade creation. By means of trade creation the members nations possess broader choice of products and provisions which were not earlier obtainable, can get hold of products and services at comparatively lesser price subsequent to trade barriers because of reduced tariffs or elimination of tariffs, motivate additional trade among associate nations as the steadiness of capital used up from low-priced products and services, could be brought to play so as to purchase extra goods and provisions. Apart from this, the other advantages include the fact that a group of countries could hold considerably better political authority as compared to every country would possess independently. Moreover, this amalgamation is perceived as a vital stratagem in order to deal with the upshots of disagreements and political unsteadiness that might influence the area. It is also considered to be a very constructive implement to deal with the economic and social challenges related to globalization. Further, as economic integration motivates trade emancipation and result in marketplace growth, extra savings into the nation and larger dissemination of know-how generates additional job prospects for individual to shift from one nation to other with the purpose to search employment or to get superior salary (Alesina et. al. , 1997). Moving ahead, one of the disadvantages associated with economic integration include trade diversion. Due to trade barriers, trade gets shifted from a non-associate nation to an associate nation in spite of the incompetence in price. For instance, a nation would have to bring to a halt trade along with less price produce located in a non-associate nation and deal with a producer located in an associate nation which include a superior price. In addition to this, other disadvantages encompass the fact that it could also augment trade barriers in opposition to non-affiliate nations. Furthermore, it needs associate nations to go without some extent of power with respect to chief procedures such as trade, financial and economic guidelines. Moreover, the greater the degree of incorporation, the higher the level of authorities that requires to be sacrificed chiefly in the situation of a political league economic amalgamation that calls for countries to sacrifice a large amount of independence. Small companies typically have difficulty competing against large multinationals when their governments take part in regional trade blocs. What could governments do to help their small companies compete after the formation of such blocs? Primarily, at the time when a country’s government commits to taking part in a local trade bloc, there prevail a number of concerns that could grab hold of a number of small organizations off guard. A few of these concerns vary from incremented competition, shortfall of workers, and the incapability to acquire superior quality goods that were conventionally obtainable from non associate countries. Moreover, the function of the government entities in supporting organizations with such situation is considered to be rather complicated. The purpose of taking part in the provincial trade bloc is to augment trade that is by and large the flourishing upshot for the entire country. One of the advantages of such trade blocs is the lessening of government participation in trade. However, for government entities to offer help to its organizations could be a bit duplicitous for the bloc contract in case if it hinders trade in any manner with rest of the bloc affiliates. In the happening that an organization’s proceeds are in danger through the introduction of products from a non- bloc associate, tariffs or import taxes could be made compulsory in order to bring down the level of competition. This will require to be synchronized with associate countries so as to make sure permanence. In addition to this, other means by which the government can assist is by trimming down the amount of imported products through quotas. Moreover, this will still permit a fraction of the products into the nation at the same time guaranteeing that organizations inside the nation or bloc could still try to win. The most useful method that the government entities can carry out for its small organizations that strive hard subsequent to the initiation of a trade bloc is to make sure that each and every short term finance matters are handled by establishing help provisions and most significantly, ensuring that edifying facilities inside the nation go along nation’s effectiveness by shoring up formulated plans and bringing about fresh plans in order to handle inadequacies as and when they occur. Moving ahead, a government requires keeping an eye on the way how contribution inside a trade bloc has influenced organizations insides its limitations, the minimum extent of government contribution may prove to be most appropriate. Further, the trade blocs are incessantly being modified by initiating trade with other nations with passing time. Lastly, several negotiations that a nation adopts in the short period so as to attempt to assist circumstances inside its limitations can have enduring impacts on nations which might desire to contribute inside the bloc in the upcoming times.

The True Online Community Essay -- Internet Blogs Experience Essays

The True Online Community What makes a true online community? There are many different types of online communities. There are those that focus on role playing and living a secret life, and there are others that are there to provide a place to vent emotions and to provide helpful information. I tried to join an online classroom that was similar to blackboard in some ways, but it turned out that I could only read articles and not respond to them. The web site was http://cyberdash.net/online1102/. The setup of the site consists of links to online articles, posts written by students, and responses to both articles and posts. There are also several links to personal â€Å"BLOGS† or web logs, which are personal pages similar to a journal where you can post any sort of information you like. One student, Drew Rosener created a BLOG for his ENC1102 class, which is a writing class at Florida State University, in one of his articles he says that this site is â€Å"going to contain things that, you guess it, are interesting to me and uninteresting to you†. This is one of the things that I found appealing about this site. He directly states that not everyone’s views are or will be the same, but in this community students have the chance to put their own opinion into writing. I think that this illustrates why online communities are beneficial. In â€Å"real life† communities it is often hard to express what you think because many fear ridicule. In an online community you can freely post your opinions without worrying about a face to face conflict. Because it is a class there are several policies that the students must abide by, just like any other class there is an attendance policy. You must spend a certain amount of time on the site to meet the att... ...f Topic, 6 Feb. 2003 http://cyberdash.net/online1102/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=90. MahiMahi, â€Å"New Anti-Marijuana and SUV ads: Going to far?†, Off Topic, 12 Jan. 2003 http://cyberdash.net/online1102/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=32. Mdunn09, â€Å"Writing made Simple†, Writing, 18 Feb. 2003 http://cyberdash.net/online1102/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=106. Pav02, â€Å"Surprisingly, Proof-Reading is Helpful†, Writing, 12 Feb. 2003 http://cyberdash.net/online1102/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=98. Jayjay, â€Å"Tyson fight staged?†, Off Topic, 23 Feb. 2003 http://cyberdash.net/online1102/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=116. Rheingold, Howard, â€Å"The Virtual Community†, The Wired Society, Orlando, Florida: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1999.

Investigatory Project in Physics

Investigatory Project in Physics Submitted by : Jay Loteyro Anecito Trongcoso Submitted to: Ms. Matilde Macawile Balloon Powered Car When it comes to powering a race car, there are a ton of different options. Some cars are powered by gasoline, diesel, or other combustible fuels, or you can even power miniature race cars using a mousetrap! In the Balloon Powered Car, we'll show you how to build a racer that uses the power of air pressure to roll across a room. Objectives: a. ) to create a balloon powered race car for maximum speed and distance b. ) to incorporate Newton's Laws of Motion Materials: Foam core or corrugated cardboard * Wooden barbeque skewers * Regular cardboard * Straws * Tape * Balloons * Scissors * Wire cutters Procedure: 1. ) Start off by cutting the chassis of your car. We don't condone the use of blow torches or saws during Sick Science experiments, so you have to create the chassis using scissors and foam core (corrugated cardboard works great, too). Cut a 6Ãâ€"3 inch piece of your chosen material using the scissors. 2. ) A car is nothing without axles. Given the size of your car, wooden barbeque skewers will make perfect axles. Use wire cutters to snip two 4†³ pieces of skewer. 3. You need to mount the axles to your chassis in a way that allows the axles to turn freely. For mounts, cut two 3†³ sections of straw and use tape to fix the mounts to the front and back (3†³ sides) of your chassis. 4. ) Now that you have axle mounts, mount your axles! Slide the wooden skewers through the middle of the straws. 5. ) Axles are great, but humans invented the wheel for a reason. The wheel was invented for use on the Balloon Powered Car! Use scissors to cut four quarter-sized pieces of regular cardboard. Similar essay: Vinegar Battery Conclusion If it helps, you can trace a quarter or circle of similar size to give yourself some guidelines. . ) Push the cardboard circles onto the skewers, one on each end of both skewers. Without needing lug nuts or a compression wrench, you've mounted your wheels. 7. ) Cut the mouth ring (the lip that you blow into) off of the balloon. This will allow for a better seal between the balloon and the exhaust pipe. 8. ) For the exhaust pipe, insert a straw approximately 1†³ into the balloon. Use tape to securely fasten the straw inside the balloon. The tighter the seal, the better your exhaust pipe is going to work, so make sure as little air as possible can escape. 9. Mount the exhaust pipe so that the point where the straw and balloon connect is about 1†³ from the end of your chassis. Taping it at this point is your best bet. Secure the straw so that it points straight out from the chassis. 10. ) Inflate the balloon and pinch the straw to keep air inside the balloon. Place the racer o n the ground and let it go! Conclusion : The concept behind the Balloon Powered Car is pretty simple, but that doesn't make it any less impressive! When you blow up the balloon, set your racer down, and let it go, escaping air from the balloon rushes out of the straw causing propulsion.The principle at work is Newton's Third Law of Motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In the case of the Balloon Powered Car, the action is the air rushing from the straw. The reaction is the movement of the car! The moving Balloon Powered Car has kinetic energy, but even an object that isn't moving has energy. This energy is called potential energy. The potential energy of the car is in the elastic material of the balloon. As the balloon fills with air, it builds more potential energy. As the air flows from the balloon, it changes to kinetic energy. This is the conservation of energy.

A Father Son Alcohol Addiction

Speech to Explain Outline Topic: Attraction Specific Purpose: To explain to the class why we may become attracted to someone and what happens in our body when we are. Thesis: There are certain theories as to why we become attracted to someone. When we are attracted to someone, our brains release specific chemicals, and we subconsciously let the person know we are attracted through body language. Introduction: Your heart starts to race. You fix both your hair and your shirt. Your pupils dilate and your brain releases dopamine and adrenaline.What’s going on with you? You have a crush on someone and this is your body’s response to seeing and being around that person. I’m positive that we all know what this feels like. Since spring is upon us, leading to warmer weather and more exposed skin, I’m going to discuss a topic that we’re all familiar with around this time of the year: attraction. More specifically, I’m going to explain 1) theories as to why we become attracted to a certain person 2) what happens in our brains when we develop an attraction to someone, and 3) the physical signs of attraction.Trans: Let me start off by saying that attraction is defined as â€Å"the action or power of evoking interest, pleasure, or liking for someone or something†. That being said, let’s go over how it all starts: the reasons why we may become attracted to someone. * Most physical attraction starts with superficial qualities. * According to British scientist Charles Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory, men and women look for partners who exhibit fertility and health through their physical features so they can procreate. Men are more attracted to a woman with an hour glass figure * This is body type is a sign of sexual maturity because when girls go through puberty, they get fat deposits in their breasts, hips and butt. This creates a smaller looking waist, creating the hour glass figure. * Represents a high reproductive potential. * Women are more attracted to a man with broad shoulders and a narrow waist (â€Å"V† shaped body). * Men with this body type are seen as more dominant. * This body shape is also linked to greater levels of testosterone and good health. Women are also more attracted to older men, because with age comes more resources. * The evolutionary theory doesn’t take personality, facial features, and expressive style into account. * How a person identifies themselves can play a role in why they become attracted to someone. This is called the Matching Hypothesis. * Proposed by Elaine Hatfield, pioneer of the scientific study of romantic love and sexual desire, this theory is states that â€Å"people will choose someone of their own level of social desirability† when making dating and mating choices. If you think you’re a 10, you’re going to pursue 10’s. If you think you’re a 6, you’re going to pursue 6’s. * Fun fact: It o nly takes about a second to decide if you’re physically attracted to someone. (Too short, too tall, too skinny, etc. ) TRANS: The evolutionary theory and the matching hypothesis are just two possible explanations as to why we may develop a physical attraction to someone, both dealing with superficial qualities. Now let’s take a look at what’s going on in our brains when we become attracted to someone. The brain is responsible for being attracted to someone, not the heart. * The brain releases 3 chemicals called â€Å"monoamines† when attracted to someone. * Dopamine is a chemical that when released, gives you a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction. * When attracted to someone, it can be released when you see that person, when you talk to them, when they touch you, etc. * It is also released when eating chocolate and doing cocaine. * Helen Fisher, Rutgers University anthropologist & expert on romantic love, states that the brain processes attraction the sa me way it would an addiction. Norepinephrine is a hormone that, when released, increases our heart rates and makes us start to sweat. * It is related to adrenaline (â€Å"fight or flight† response) * Gives us those butterflies in our stomach, leaves us breathless. * Serotonin is a chemical that gives us a feeling of calmness and togetherness. * During the initial stages of attraction serotonin levels are low, which explains why we can’t eat or sleep or think about anything other than the person we’re attracted to. * Levels of serotonin rise when the attraction starts to progress into a relationship.The downside to this is that there is a lack of excitement in the relationship. TRANS: So, as the brain releases these chemicals, our bodies will show signs of these chemical and hormonal releases. Now I’m going to go over the physical signs that occur when you are attracted to someone. * An attraction to someone will manifest itself through body language * You r pupils will dilate * Dilation occurs because the release of dopamine when seeing an attractive person excites the nerve endings in your pupils, causing them to dilate. You start to mirror the other person’s actions * Body language mirroring happens subconsciously when you’re attracted to someone and things are going well. * If your crush leans in on the table, you will lean in on the table, if they cross their legs, you’ll cross your legs. * A 2009 study found that in a speed dating scenario, a woman who mimicked the actions of her date made the date a more positive and memorable experience in the man’s opinion. [Gugen] * You start to fix your appearance When you are or are expecting to be around your person of interest, you start to make yourself as visually appealing as possible. * For women, this could mean fixing your hair, adjusting your make up, showing off some skin. * For men, this could also mean fixing their hair, and adjusting their clothes. Trans: So, now that you know what some signs of a crush are, hopefully you can identify when someone’s attracted to you or not. Conclusion: To review, the evolutionary theory and the matching hypothesis are two possible explanations behind why we can become attracted to someone.Our brains release three chemicals when we are around the person we like, and our body language can give away if we are interested in a certain person. Now that you know a little bit about what goes on with our bodies, you can be better prepared the next time you develop an attraction to someone. Thank you. ‘Works Cited Dingfelder, Sadie. â€Å"More than a Feeling. †Ã‚  More Than A Feeling. N. p. , n. d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. . Hatfield, Elaine. Matching Hypothesis. Http://www. elainehatfield. com/ch108. pdf. N. p. , n. d. Web. â€Å"The Look of Love: Top 5 Physical Signs of Attraction.   HowStuffWorks. N. p. , n. d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. â€Å"Love Potion No. 9: Top 5 Love Chemicals in the Brain. †Ã‚  HowStuffWorks. N. p. , n. d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. Nicolas, Guegen. â€Å"Mimicry and Seduction: An Evaluation in a Courtship Context. †Ã‚  Taylor and Francis. N. p. , n. d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. . Riggio, Ronald. â€Å"Which Body Types Are Most Sexually Attractive. †Ã‚  PsychologyToday. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. . â€Å"The Science of Love. †Ã‚  BBC News. BBC, n. d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. . â€Å"Social Psychology. †Ã‚  SparkNotes. SparkNotes, n. d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.

Stress and Strain Essays

Stress and Strain Essays Stress and Strain Essay Stress and Strain Essay Several mechanical properties of materials that are important in design are ascertained by applying tension, compression or shear load on the material.     Of the three, the most common mechanical stress-strain tests are performed in tension (Callister, 1997).   When performing tensile tests, the load and elongation are measured in relation to the cross-sectional area or original length of the material (before the elongation).   These geometric factors are normalized to the respective parameters of engineering stress and engineering strain. When a specimen has an original cross-sectional area Ao and original length lo is subjected to a uniaxial force F, engineering stress ÏÆ' and engineering strain ÃŽ µ (which are subsequently referred to as just stress and strain) are defined as:   and where l is the instantaneous length of the specimen (Schaffer, et. al, 1999).   For some materials, especially for most metals, subjected to low levels of tensile load, stress and strain are linearly related.   The linear relationship is referred to as Hooke’s law. As the stress is increased however, Hooke’s law ceases to be applicable as the linear relationship between stress and strain results to a curve.   At this instant plastic deformation occurs, which means that the deformation becomes permanent and nonrecoverable (Callister, 1997).   When stress is increased further, it will reach a maximum before resulting to fracture (the separation of the material into two or more pieces).   The maximum stress on the stress-strain curve is referred to as tensile strength and is the maximum stress that can be sustained by a material in tension.   When this stress is maintained, fracture will result. Compression tests are also done in almost the same manner as the tensile test except of course the force applied is compressive instead of tensile (Callister, 1997).   Compressive stress and strain are computed using the same formula presented above.   By convention, compressive force is taken to be negative which results to a negative stress.   In compression, since lo will be greater than l, the strain will likewise be negative.   And just like tensile strength, compressive strength is the maximum compressive stress applied to a material which when sustained results to the material being crushed.

Social Causes of Drug Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Causes of Drug Abuse - Essay Example In childhood, one's family is the model for social norms and acceptable behavior. Thus it stands to reason that a child's family has the most significant sway over the lifestyle choices that the child will make in the future. Studies have shown that parents' perceived positive or neutral attitudes towards drug use tends to increase their child's likelihood of engaging in drug use (McDonald, Towberman). Parents' direct involvement in some form of substance abuse also increases their child's likelihood of developing a substance abuse problem. In a 1988 study conducted on drug use and familial attitude toward substance use, 25.4% of teenagers who admitted to having used drugs had at least one parent who was a heavy drinker (McDonald, Towberman). Furthermore, the child's relationship with his or her parents also affects his/her likelihood of drug experimentation. Studies have shown that children with strong and healthy relationships with their parents are less likely to use drugs (McDona ld, Towberman). ... On the other hand, though, studies have found that teenage drug users are likely to have either authoritarian or uninvolved parents (Jenkins). The most consistent risk factor in studies on teenage drug use is peer influence. A study was conducted which analyzed significant risk factors in teenagers in grades 8, 10, and 12. In all three grades, the most significant predictors of drug use, ranked from most to least significant, were (1) number of drug-using friends, (2) average grade in school, and (3) involvement in an enjoyable extracurricular activity (Jenkins). In grades 8 and 10, average grade and involvement in extracurricular activities pose a substantial variance, but in grade 12, they have little to no significant determination on the likelihood of the teenager's use of drugs. The study ultimately found that, overall, involvement in extracurricular activities or after-school employment have little to no bearing on the prediction of future drug abuse. One study found that the number of drug-abusing friends a teenager had and a positive attitude towards drug-use accounted for 55% of the variance in drug use, with the n umber of drug-using peers accounting for twice as much variance as a favorable attitude towards drug-use (Jenkins). While these studies clarify the definite link between the likelihood of drug use and the number of drug-using friends a teenager has, they do not tell us whether drug use results from these relationships or whether teens with a proclivity for substance abuse tend to gravitate together. R. Michael McDonald and Donna B. Towberman suggest that the most effective deterrent to future drug abuse is to encourage children to bond with their parents and other children

Cybercrime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cybercrime - Research Paper Example People want their personal information to remain that way, personal. But can this really be achieved? Daily there are headlines telling us of yet another story of information being stolen by a criminal or looked upon by the government. There’s also the issue of wiretapping phones and having hidden security cameras. Some time ago, AT&T mentioned, â€Å"While account information may be personal to you, these records†¦are owned by AT&T and it may disclose such records to protect its legitimate business records, safeguard others or respond to legal process.† (Lamb, 2011) As history shows, there are truly malicious people among us, and even the most meticulous people can make mistakes, and security experts are becoming very wary of the privacy future for America (Marks, 2008). With such statements, it’s easy to feel that privacy may as well become a thing of the past. Cybercrime can be done in different ways and can occur anywhere. There are two categories of cyb ercrime. The first type involves crimes in which information and communications technologies are the target of offenses. Examples of this are computer vandalism, viruses, and the like. The other type involves crimes where technologies are used as tools to commit an offense, such as computer hacking. These two types are the umbrella categories, but there are many other subcategories involved in cybercrime. The computer may be the agent of the crime, the facilitator of the crime, or the target of the crime. The crime may take place in one location or sometimes in a network of locations. The end results of this type of crime include, to name a few, cyber drug trafficking, child pornography, identity theft, and phishing. But exactly what is being done to fight this? One may ask. The President’s Critical Infrastructure Protection Board (PCIPB) has come up with a draft plan for upgrading the nation’s cyberspace infrastructure. This strategy calls for the cooperation of home computer users, business users, state and local governments, with the overall goal being empowering all Americans to secure their portions of cyberspace. The executing of the plan requires six steps, they being: educating and creating awareness among users of cyberspace, producing more secure technologies, developing a large and well-qualified cyber security workforce, fostering responsibility among individuals for security at all levels, increasing accountability and updating security practices, and finally developing early warning and sharing of information that will help with early detection of attacks and leading to the appropriate response. The US also seeks to ask for the participation of foreign counterparts as well in a peer-to-peer dialogue that aims to make an effective business case for cyber security and attain successful means for partnering with governments on cyber security. (Washington File, 2002) Other states have enacted what is known as a â€Å"security freezeâ⠂¬  legislation which allows its citizens to lock their credit files against anyone who tries to open a new account or gain new credit, and they’re hoping this will keep thieves from exploiting stole Social Security numbers. (Lamb, 2006) There are also propositions of making of a â€Å"new internet†. â€Å"The whole notion of privacy and security has become so elusive that the